Geological Storage - CCUS Terms

Description:
Geological Storage refers to the process of injecting and storing captured carbon dioxide (CO2) into underground geological formations to prevent its release into the atmosphere. These formations include depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers, and unmineable coal seams. Geological storage is a key component of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) strategies aimed at mitigating climate change by reducing atmospheric CO2 levels.

Explanation:
Geological storage is a critical element of the Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) framework because it provides a long-term solution for sequestering captured CO2. Here’s how geological storage integrates with the CCUS framework:

• Carbon Capture. Captured CO2 from industrial processes, power plants, and other sources is transported to suitable geological storage sites. These sites are selected based on their capacity to securely store CO2 and their geological characteristics, such as porosity and permeability. The captured CO2 is compressed into a supercritical fluid state to facilitate injection into underground formations.
• Utilization. While geological storage primarily focuses on the long-term sequestration of CO2, it can also support enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. In EOR, captured CO2 is injected into depleted oil fields to increase oil production. After the CO2 has been used for EOR, it can be permanently stored in the geological formation, ensuring that it does not re-enter the atmosphere.
• Storage. Geological storage involves injecting CO2 into deep underground formations where it can be securely stored for thousands of years. Monitoring and verification systems are essential to ensure the integrity of the storage site and detect any potential leaks. Regulatory frameworks and best practices are implemented to manage risks and ensure the long-term safety and effectiveness of CO2 storage.

Advantages:
Geological storage provides a secure and long-term solution for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. It leverages existing geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas fields, which have proven storage capacity. By integrating with EOR operations, geological storage can also enhance oil production while sequestering CO2. The development of monitoring and verification technologies ensures the safety and reliability of storage sites. Additionally, geological storage supports global climate goals by providing a practical and scalable method for sequestering large volumes of CO2.

Challenges:
Implementing geological storage requires significant investment in site characterization, infrastructure development, and monitoring systems. Ensuring the long-term integrity and safety of storage sites is crucial, necessitating robust regulatory frameworks and best practices. Public acceptance and understanding of geological storage are essential for its widespread adoption. Technical challenges related to CO2 injection, storage capacity, and potential leakage must be addressed. Additionally, coordination with regulatory agencies and stakeholders is necessary to ensure compliance and build trust.

In summary, Geological Storage involves injecting and storing captured CO2 in underground formations to prevent its release into the atmosphere. It is a key component of the Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) framework, providing a long-term solution for reducing atmospheric CO2 levels. Despite challenges related to investment, safety, and public acceptance, geological storage is essential for advancing CCUS technologies and achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.